my assignment: November 2016

This article has concentrated on the significant downsides of showing EST in India, Needs of a learner, Structure of Technical English and Teaching materials, Expertise and preparing and so on… . R.S.Sharma has highlighted numerous downsides because of which showing EST in India endures like... Courses and techniques are random to the particular needs of the understudies. The instructors are badly prepared, showing materials are not in view of an investigation of the logical sub enrol.

Teaching of EST in Indian conditions by R.S Sharma

The term EST was given by R.S.Sharma through his research work. English is global language and that is why we will find English language all most in every field. There are many languages, English is used prominently in the field of science and technology.

What is science and technology?

Science is a methodical endeavor that manufactures and sorts out learning as testable clarifications and forecasts about the world. Innovation is the making, utilization and learning of devices, procedures ,specialties, frameworks or techniques for association so as to take care of an issue or fill some need.

What is EST?

As learner and components of specialized English taken harder will empower us to layout obviously the materials and techniques use in science and specialized understudies. Instructing of EST in India experiences some genuine disadvantages. The course and techniques are disconnected to the particular scholarly and expert needs of the science understudy. In 1977, it was understood that the issues of English for exceptional objects were to a great extent unrecognized this nation. Wherever important in IIT's, designing or farming understudies in part, procedures and setting of real topic of which territory course and showing English techniques.

What is need of EST?

The learner's profile would recommend that the understudy, who has been admitted to the FY of B.Sc. then again B.Tech course thought a confirmation content, has insight and achievement over the normal. General English, informative ability in English, restorative work, dialect recreations and mechanical learning have learn with comprehension. Along these lines, here essential need is a capacity to assemble logical information found in course readings and logical diaries and research of English dialect. It is likewise to be noticed that English is a moment dialects for the learner and native language is one of the local dialects which is the medium of correspondence in about all circumstances aside from classroom and research facility.

Perusing and understanding of specialized writings written in English.

Writing of technical English.

Since most of the teaching material in the form of video & computer software is being produced in English as standard spoken English can’t be totally neglected.

NEED ANALYSIS:

Require examination is major to an EAP way to deal with outline the course and instructing technique. In this John Munby's model could serve as great guide, in his work "Informative Syllabus outline he has given exceptionally accommodating and far reaching need investigation technique to recognize the requirements of the learner. In his article 'Distinguishing the way of the learner's need' R.Mackay(Mackay, 1978) has talked about in detail the techniques for poll and organized meeting for get-together fundamental data.

V. Chandra Sekhar Rao an educator from understood college of Hyderabad has done research on "English for Science and Technology: A Learner Centered Approach". He has gathered information from his own particular work put he gathered information for his exploration paper utilized utilizing both subjective and quantitative methodologies and the examination discoveries are talked about with the unmistakable information gathered from the Questionnaires, Interviews and Classroom Observations. The survey information were accumulated from 180 members (120 B.Tech understudies, 30 instructors of EST and 20 educators of specialized subjects) had a place with various Engineering Colleges partnered to JNTU, Hyderabad. What's more, discoveries of his exploration are as beneath.

Needs Analysis Questionnaire to Students uncovers that understudies of Engineering and innovation have perceived English:

· As skill‐oriented one and given importance to its basic language skills and sub‐skills and their priority such as: 1.Listening 2.Speaking, 3.professional Speaking, 4. Grammar, 5. Reading, and 6. Professional Writing.

· The teachers of English in Engineering Colleges need a special set of competencies than those of the General English teachers.

· The EST Teachers to be facilitators, knowing the strategies of modern class room teaching and providing a lot of activities in the classroom and making them active participants.

· Phonetics should be taught for correct pronunciation, equipping with latest technology and multi -media software.

· From the above analysis it is clear that the students of the science and technology views English as a tools of communication, of opportunity, they are more interested in subjective English rather than general English. They need it to comprehend the course books which are in English they need it to write answer in English, and some time what happens that they give more importance to writing, and that results in incompetency in oral communication, and thus unable to get employment, which is in a way loss to our nation at large.

· Another need analysis which is done by R.S.Sharma a researcher from Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, he has done need analysis of the students who have passed entrance test and admitted to first year of B.SC or B.Tech. He had used entrance test itself as need analysis, and below are some conclusion that can be skimmed.

· Learner posses intelligence above average

· Learner has basic knowledge of general English though there is need of some improvements

· Learner wants to learn with understanding

· His chief concern for next three to four years will be academic

· His basic need is an ability to gather scientific knowledge found in text books and science journal which were written in English.

· Other need is to be able to communicate in classroom, laboratory, college and in university he/she needs English language t communicate.

The above analysis clearly points out that students of science and technology when they enter in the college they need two competency. They are,

· Reading and comprehension of technical texts written in English

· Writing of technical English in exam and in report writing, where speaking is not that much important.

In this paper, R. S. Sharma has focused upon the “needs of students”. English language for science and technology requires advanced vocabulary and good materials. Most of the Indians have not good command over English language because it is second language for them and when it becomes necessary to learn English, it requires good materials and proper methodology.

Science and Technology has an alternate dialect than we have in our everyday correspondence, there is an immense contrast between specialized English dialect and typical English. There are numerous confinements of English dialect in India, first we have L1 and L2 clashes, second is not utilizing legitimate English dialect or we can state Indian variant of English, English has constantly regarded as a dialect of "need" as opposed to learning.

There are numerous impediments of English in scholastics additionally, similar to, educators are not utilizing English legitimately or they have insufficient learning of English and that is the reason that understudies are not ready to convey appropriately.

Fundamentally specialized English is situational assortment utilized for correspondence "in methodical way of specific branch of information relating nature and conditions in life. It is formal and goal in style. The specialized composition is hence identified with the law or logic as to Electronics or biology(R.S.SHARMA, 1985). We are here worried with sub registers which is utilized for standard correspondence as a part of science and innovation. What's more, this can be a􀆩ended at the level of

Register:‐ lexical and grammatical structural features.

Discourse:‐ the effect of communicative context, the relation between text and its writer/readers

Genre:‐ how language is used in particular setting, such as texts, journal and lectures in classroom.

Let’s see some parts of technical English, and Teaching Materials

Vocabulary:‐ The most recognize trademark highlight of Technical English(TE), is Technical vocabulary, Words from Science and Technology for example Thermodynamics, transmitter, hydrogen, electron, and different instruments and process, gasses, devices and fixings and so on.

There are some recognizable words which, as Herbert has called attention to, make much trouble since they are utilized as a part of both specialized and additionally non specialized implications, for example, words are, plant, bolster, stack, work and so forth these words we likewise use in everyday life, except when they are utilized as a part of specialized setting its significance will be changed. What's more, once in a while that make trouble in learner and instructors mind. Another element of the vocabulary said by him is the utilization of verbs, modifiers and qualifiers which are not particularly logical, but rather which has a place with diction of science: words like Extruder, Propagate, Obviate, and immaterial.

Conclusion:

To strike these downsides, as a matter of first importance learners need ought to be recognized and the showing material, syllabus and showing style ought to be composed in like manner. An appropriate structure of Technical English and Teaching materials ought to be set. As indicated by R.S.Sharma, " The educator of EST who can arrange his work legitimately and insightfully, make the right sort of comments and solicit the right kind from inquiries will get a decent arrangement of science in course of instructing."

Work Cited:

http://www.laurenceanthony.net/abstracts/ESParticle.html

http://www.esp-world.info/Articles_42/Documents/Rao.pdf

To evaluate my assignment, click here

Brief Overview of Orientalism.

To evaluate my assignment, click here

Assignment topic: Brief Overview of Orientalism.

Name: Ravi Rajyaguru

Roll no:.26

M.A. Semester: 3

Enrolment No.: PG15101032

Year: 2015- 17

Paper no.:11

Email id.: rajyagururavi24@gmail.com

Submitted to: Department of English

Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

Orientalism by Edward W. Said is a study of the investigation of the Orient and its belief system. Said analyzes the recorded, social, and political perspectives of the East that are held by the West, and looks at how they created and where they originated from. He essentially follows the different perspectives and observations back to the pioneer time of British and European control in the Middle East. During this period, the United States was not yet a force to be reckoned with and didn't go into anything in the East yet. The perspectives and observations that appeared were fundamentally the after effect of the British and French. The British had settlements in the East right now; the French did not but rather were attempting to secure a few.

Said recognizes a progression of presumptions that are made by the West about the Orient. Said himself is Palestinian, and he recognizes a progression of suspicions that the West makes about Arabs: they are unreasonable, hostile to western, threatening and deceptive. He investigates how these presumptions are built contrary to what the West thinks about themselves, and subsequently characterizes this anticipated picture of "Middle Easterners" in the psyche of Westerners as the other we characterize the other by what we are most certainly not. The peril is that these presumptions come to be dealt with as truth and along these lines affect our relations and our belief systems.

What is Orientalism?

· The country of the east especially East Asia.

· Study of orient means a study of orients.

· Old civilization with an old knowledge system.

· Problem between White and Muslim people.

· A story of MiddleEast.

· Strangers by the fortune of colors.

· Identities are not made naturally.

· Post Structuralism has changed way of thinking.

· Subjective and objective process.

· Orientalism is generally means to a mental exercise and

mental archrival.

The “East” as differentiated from the “West”, which includes the Middle East, Near East, Central Asia, South Asia and the Far East, is today top of mind with news breaking in a stream of anxiety, fear, economic and political pressures, social conflict, unrest and war.

Orientalist Structures and Restructures

Structure of Orientalism is simply a structure of untruths or of myths. In this area Said diagrams how Orientalist talk was move from Country to Country and Political pioneer to creator. He exhorts that this talk was set up as an establishment for all further study and talk of the Orient by the occident. The development of character — for personality, whether of Orient or Occident, France or Britain, whiles clearly a storehouse of unmistakable aggregate encounters. Edward Said focuses the slight change on the demeanor of the Europeans towards the Orientals.

Why Does Orientalism Matter?

Edward Said was pleased with the accomplishments of those from the terrains of his progenitors, and felt that while it was sufficiently awful for the ordinary individual in the West to consider stomach artists and squeaking monkeys when they considered spots like Baghdad or Cairo, it was a totally unique thing for the purported specialists to have any of that in their psyches. Said never denied that those things existed, yet rather contended that a lot of a major ordeal was made about them.

The thing that Said could call attention to was that the West was subtle about how it jabbed at these organizations. Though an European lord who invested an excessive amount of energy celebrating may be depicted as having an excessive number of paramours, an Ottoman or Arab ruler was blamed for investing an excess of time in the group of concubines. The word distinction is extremely unobtrusive, yet Said places that it conveys huge essences. One summons the lord is tactful, though we get the picture of the Ottoman or Arab ruler being encouraged grapes by hand while being waved with mammoth ostrich plumes.

However the genuine threat wasn't only that it was outcasts who were beginning to think along these lines. The elites of Middle Eastern culture tended to peruse English, German, and French writings to find out about their pasts, so now their recognition were being influenced by these predispositions. To put it plainly, the most intense individuals in the Middle East were beginning to surmise that their predecessors were something to be embarrassed about, in spite of the staggering proof around them! Said realized that for the rising force of Arab patriotism to be fruitful, individuals would need to have the capacity to reach back and be glad for what they found.

There are three aspect of contemporary reality:

1 1. The distinction between pure and political knowledge.

2. The methodological question.

3. The personal dimension.

1) The distinction between pure and political knowledge:

It is anything but difficult to contend that information about Shakespeare or words worth is not political while learning about contemporary china or the Soviet Union is. Humanist who expounds on words worth, or an Editor whose Specialty is Keats, is not included in anything political is that he does appears to have no direct political impact upon reality in the regular sense. The deciding impingement on most learning created in the contemporary west is that it be non political, above factional or little disapproved of doctrinal conviction. Who produces it, yet this information is not consequently naturally non-political. Political centrality is an expansive question that I have attempted to treat in some detail somewhere else. What I am keen on doing now is recommending how the general liberal accord that "genuine" learning is on a very basic level non political.( and on the other hand, that plainly political information is not genuine information.) clouds the profoundly it unclearly sorted out political conditions getting when information is delivered. Orientalism is not minor political topic or field that is reflected inactively by culture, grant, or institutions; nor is it an extensive and diffuse accumulation of content about the orient: nor is illustrative and expressive of some loathsome "western" settler plot to hold down the "orient" world. It is fairly a dispersion of geopolitical and philological remaking, mental investigation, scene and sociological muddle it makes as well as maintains; it is, as opposed to express. A creation will or cases to control, control, even to consolidate, what is a plainly extraordinary world; it is most importantly, a talk that is in no way, shape or form in immediate, relating association with political power in the crude, yet rather is delivered and exists in an uneven trade with different sorts of force, melded to a degree by the trade with power political (as with pilgrim or magnificent foundation), control scholarly as with ruling since like similar Linguistics or life systems, or any of the present day approach since power social (as with orthodoxies and groups of taste, writings, values) control moral (as with thoughts regarding what "we" do and what "they" can't do or comprehend as "we" do). Oreintalism is and does not just speak to a significant measurement of current political scholarly culture, and accordingly has less to do with the orient than it does with "our" reality. "orientalism is a social and a political truth," then, it doesn't exist in some recorded vacuum; an incredible opposite, I think it can be demonstrated that what is thought, said or even done in regards to the orient takes after certain particular and mentally learning lines.

2)The methodological question:

Examination to the methodological significance for work in the human sciences of finding and planning an initial step, a state of takeoff a starting standard Learned and attempted to present was that there is no such thing as a just given or essentially accessible, striating focuses: beginnings must be made for every venture in such away as to empower what takes after from them. The Anglo French American experience of the Arab and Islam, which for very nearly a thousand years together remained for the Orient. Instantly after doing that a huge part of the Orient appeared to have been dispensed with India, Japan, china and different segments of the Far East not on the grounds that these districts were not vital but rather in light of the fact that one could talk about Europe's experience of the Near Orient, or of Islam, aside from its experience of the Far Orient.

3) The personal dimension:

The individual interest in this study gets from my mindfulness kid experiencing childhood in two British provinces. From multiple points of view investigation of orientalism has been an endeavour to stock the follows upon me, the oriental subject, of the way of life whose control has been so intense a figure the life of all Orientals. In the Prison Notebooks Gramsci says: "The beginning stage of basic elaboration is the cognizance of what one truly is, and knows thyself as a result of the verifiable procedure to date… .." Much of the individual interest in this study gets from my attention to being an "Oriental "as a youngster experiencing childhood in two British settlements.

Conclusion :

Said presumes that the circumstance is the triumph of Orientalism, the degree that even Orientals themselves begin to talk the dialects of Orientalism. However there is trust: in the basic thinking in advanced colleges. Today in human Sciences to furnish that could get rid of bits of knowledge, techniques, and thoughts that could forgo racial, and ideological, and radical generalizations of the sort gave amid its chronicled domination by Orientalism.

Work cited:

http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/orientalism-introduction-by-edward-said-74997

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalism

http://davidkutz.com/blog/edward-said-orientalism/

http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-orientalism/#gsc.tab=0

To evaluate my assignment, click here

Robert Frost as a Nature Poet.

To evaluate my assignment, click here

Assignment topic: Robert Frost as a Nature Poet.

Name: Ravi Rajyaguru

Roll no:.26

M.A. Semester: 3

Enrolment No.: PG15101032

Year: 2015- 17

Paper no.:10

Email id.: rajyagururavi24@gmail.com

Submitted to: Department of English

Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

Nature is the thing which attracts everyone. Nature includes many things in it i.e. river, sky, sea, birds, trees etc. There are many writers who used nature in their many valuable works. We are all aware about the nature but these creative writers have some different angel to see the nature and they portray it in a very beautiful language. Robert Frost is the writer who used nature in his many works. Robert Frost was the leading modern American poet of nature and rural life. Most of his poems are upon natural element. He was very much interested in natural things; he found beauty in common place. Many of his poems have a New England setting and deal with the theme of man’s relationship with nature.

Frost’s verse was lyrical; he is regularly viewed as a sensational writer. One of his most appreciated lyrics "The Mending Wall" depicts the contention that emerges between the lyric's storyteller and his neighbour over remaking a divider that isolates their ranches. The neighbour holds the conventional conclusion that; "Great wall make great neighbours" yet the storyteller trusts that dividers are superfluous and unnatural between individuals who ought to believe each other. So nature was the overwhelming subject of his verse. Frost's utilization of nature is the absolute most misjudged component of his verse. Frost said again and again, "I am not a nature writer. There is quite often a man in my lyrics." "Spring Pools" and "A Winter Eden" are two uncommon special cases to this manage, albeit both ballads epitomize the possibility of flawlessness the spring pools "practically without deformity" and the snow scene depicted as "heaven." Nature does not romanticize that is the work of man, so maybe there is a man there all things considered.

How he uses nature:

His verse and subject of verse discuss man's existence in the Natural world. His state of mind towards Nature is one of equipped and friendly genuine and shared regard. There is nothing of the spiritualist in Frost. He doesn't look for in Nature either a feeling of unity with all made things or union with God. There is nothing non-romantic in his perspective of life. Frost trusts that man ought to live in congruity with nature and not conflict with nature or characteristic process. He utilizes straightforward things and universes as a part of his ballads. In our everyday life we demonstrated such a variety of common things which can't stay away from by us and this things Frost use in his verse with have profound and typical significance. The greater part of Frost's ballads utilize nature symbolism. His grip and comprehension of common reality is very much perceived. However Frost is not attempting to let us know how nature functions.

Significance of Nature in Man's life:

Such a large number of abstract essayists' uses Nature in their work. William Wordsworth is one of them. He utilizes such a large number of regular components as a part of his verse. Nature is critical figure in human's life. It helps us from numerous points of view. For cases: Trees, water, seasons… that all are normal things and as a result of them we effectively survive. Nature is everything that was not made by man. Nature is lasting, individual can't change nature. Word nature has extremely expansive importance. It changes consequently and it changes each day. In the centrepieces, nature by and large capacities as foundation of place and time, clearly writing has considered as essential things in environment. So Nature is imperative in human's life and fascinating subject of artistic essayist's too. His ballads are about human brain science. Rustic scenes and scenes, unattractive agriculturists, and the regular world are utilized to delineate a mental battle with ordinary experience met with bravery, will and reason with regards to Frost's life and individual brain science. His state of mind is stoical, legitimate and tolerating. Frost utilizes nature as a foundation. He ordinarily starts a sonnet with a perception of something in nature and after that moves toward an association with some human circumstance or concern. Frost is neither a visionary nor a polytheist.

Robert Frost considered nature to be an outsider drive fit for crushing man, yet he additionally observed man's battle with nature as a chivalrous fight. As told in his lyric "Our Hold on the Planet", there is much in nature against us. In any case, we overlook: Take nature out and out since time started, including human instinct, in peace and war, And it must be somewhat more for man, Say a small amount of one percent at any rate, Or our number living wouldn't be relentlessly more, Our hang on the planet wouldn't have so expanded. Nature is particular and free from man. Man "keeps the universe alone," despite the fact that he may get out for "counter love," he won't discover it. Despite the fact that he adored normal magnificence, Frost perceived the cruel realities of the regular world. He saw these contrary energies as basically extraordinary parts of reality that could be grasped in verse. He acknowledges these certainties with trustworthiness and is callous in his acknowledgment of them. He tests the nature of truth and acknowledges that there might be no reply.

Nature is the most imperative normal for Frost's ballad. Frost puts a lot of significance on Nature in the majority of his accumulations. In view of the time he spent in New England, the greater part of peaceful scenes that he depicts are roused by particular areas in New England. Be that as it may, Frost does not confine himself to cliche peaceful subjects, for example, sheep and shepherds. Rather, he concentrates on the sensational battles that happen inside the regular world, for example, the contention of the changing of seasons and the damaging side of nature. Frost likewise shows the common world as one that motivates profound mystical thought in the people who are presented to it. For Frost, Nature is not just a foundation for verse, but instead a focal character in his works. Frost's mentality to nature mirrors the soul of the present age whose state of mind to nature, similar to every single other thing, is logical and reasonable. That is the reason he has not figured any theory about nature. Nor do his sonnets show the uncommon commended minutes which are shown in the ballads of the sentimental age, especially in those if Wordsworth. Frost's ballads portray just his day by day and normal experience.

Frost utilizes nature to express his perspectives and in addition to make his verse fascinating. To begin with in the lyric 'Halting by woods on the blanketed night' in this ballad there is a considerable measure of nature communicated. Title of the sonnet is woods are regular thing first line of the poem; whose woods these are I think I know. All through the ballad he consistently discuss woods and its excellence last stanza is exceptionally typical, in that he utilizes contradictory nature implies blend of nature with dread since nature now and again unsafe moreover. The forested areas are flawless, dull and profound, But I have guarantees to keep, And miles to go before I rest, And miles to go before I rest. At the last stanza perfectly portray woods as stunning, dim and profound. The haziness of the forested areas is a thought, artist utilizes last line as a part of twice in the sonnet, implies he stressing an association amongst magnificence and secret. Robert Frost's main concern is with man. The concentration in his verse is a man's position and state of mind and particularly on his sentiments.

Frost uncovers a decent arrangement about his origination of universe and outside reality in his verse. In a few lyrics, Frost shows that man neglect to comprehend nature and its association with man. Accordingly, the scene of nature exhibited in Frost's ballads not just offers a devour of magnificence to the perspective of the readers additionally gives him familiarity with life. His mocking qualities discover full expression in the portrayal of the scenes of nature. In the light of these perspectives Frost may securely be considered as a writer who gave a totally new idea of nature and is one of the immense artists of nature.

Conclusion:

In Frost's commonality with his perspectives about nature, assumes a more pivotal part than data about his life, readers ought to welcome the part of nature in his work. Ice's tendency verse is so fantastic and normal for his verse it must be given an unmistakable place in any record of his specialty. What he finds in nature is erotic pleasure; he is additionally delicate to the world's richness and man's relationship to the dirt.

Work cited:

http://rfrosty.blogspot.in/2014/04/frostsattitudetowardsnature.html

http://studyenglish24.blogspot.in/2010/10/robertfrostasnatureofpoet.Html

http://www.gradesaver.com/the-poetry-of-robert-frost/study-guide/themes

http://www.josbd.com/evaluate-robert-frost-as-a-poet-of-nature/

To evaluate my assignment, click here

What is the theatre of Absurd ? Explain Waiting for Godot and The Birthday Party as a Absurd Theatre.

To evaluate my assignment, click here

Assignment topic: What is the theatre of Absurd ? Explain Waiting for Godot and The Birthday Party as a Absurd Theatre.

Name: Ravi Rajyaguru

Roll no:.26

M.A. Semester: 3

Enrolment No.: PG15101032

Year: 2015- 17

Paper no.:9

Email id.: rajyagururavi24@gmail.com

Submitted to: Department of English

Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

In every field we experiment on various subjects. We all have seen tragedy, comedy, tragy-comedy etc type of theaters. But there are some persons who really depict the existing story into the theatres. By using Existentialism they have made the absurd plays. World is without meaning & life is without purpose. Samuel Beckett, Jean Genet, Tom Stoppard, Friedrich Durrenmatt, Harold Pinter etc they all have used Existentialism. Let’s discuss about Theater of Absurd. Let’s put a glance in what is Absurd?

What is Absurd?

“The condition of state in which human exist in a meaningless irrational universe where in people live have no purposes or meaning.”

“Theater of Absurd” = “Expression in art of the meaninglessness of human existence.”

“Myth of Sisyphus” written by Albert Camus is also full of Absurdity. Myth of Sisyphus defied the god and put death in chains so that no human needed to die. When god make a decision on his castigation for all infinity. He would have push a rock up a mountain upon reaching the top the rock would roll down again.

“what is called a reason for living is also an excellent reason for dying.” Albert Camus, Myth of Sisyphus.

“Waiting for Godot” written by Samuel Beckett is also deals with the belief of theatre of Absurd. It is originally in not depicting any theatrical clashes. In the play, basically nothing happened, no advancement is to be found, there is no beginning and no end. The complete action stew down in an absurd setting of a country side road with two tramps Vladimir and Estragon who simply idle away their time waiting for Godot about whom they have only unclear ideas.

Indeed this play goes under "Theater of Absurd". It is a sort of deplorable parody and unlikable truth about existence and world is portrayed here. There are just five characters in this play. They are Vladimir, Estragon, Pozzo, Lucky and a kid. The impact of existentialism can be discovered particularly here. The play itself is an image of misery and nothingness. In "Theater of Absurd", there is no plot, no story, no start and no end. To put it plainly, it challenges the convention of well house keeper play. This play has same 'nothing'. The dialect is straightforward and dubious.

The Theatre of the Absurd shows the world as an incomprehensible place. The spectators see the happenings on the stage entirely from the outside. Without ever understanding the full meaning of these strange patterns of events as newly arrived visitors might watch life in a country of which they have not yet mastered the language.

The estrangement impact is a dramatic and realistic gadget "which keeps the gathering of people from losing itself latently and totally in the character made by the performing artist, and which subsequently drives the group of onlookers to be a deliberately basic eyewitness. The term was authored by writer Berthold Brecht to portray the feel of epic theater. The primary absurdist plays stunned groups of onlookers at their debuts; however their strategies are currently basic in Cutting Edge Theater and in some standard works. Contemporary writers whose work demonstrates the impact of the theater of the ludicrous incorporate American playwrights Edward Albee and Sam Sheppard, British producers Harold Pinter and Tom Stoppard, German screenwriters Günter Grass and Peter Weiss, Swiss producer Max Frisch, and Czech screenwriter Vaclav Havel.

Characteristics of the “Theater of Absurd”

· Broad comedy

· Menacing and tragic effect

· Alienation effect

· Hopelessness in characters

· Fragmentations

· Parody of the concept of ‘well maid play’

· Unconventional writing

· Irrationality

At some extent similar to the characteristics of Postmodernism.

Main features of the Theater of the Absurd in Waiting for Godot

Meaningless of Life:

Theater of the Absurd presented the life as meaningless and one that could simply end in casual slaughter. This was reflected in the society of the time. It was because of the following reasons:

· Mechanical nature of Man of the Life

· Alien worlds

· Time

· Isolation

A play is required to engage the crowd with coherently manufactured, witty discourse. In any case, in this play, similar to some other ludicrous play, the discourse appears to have declined into negligible chatter. 'Nothing to be done' is the words that are rehashed much of the time. The discoursed the characters trade are inane cliches.

Lack of the Plot

· No Beginning

· No Middle

· No End

Absurd plays have lack of the plot. There is the great deal of the repetition in action and language.

Ex. It lacks the traditional standards of drama, no causal chain of effects and events, no Aristotle’s structure of drama.

Non Conventional Story:

Theater of the absurd have not the conventional story which can convince the readers or viewers. Ex. In this play Estragon & Vladimir always waiting for the man namely Godot who never come.

Contradiction and repetition of the dialogues

For instance Vladimir hollers to Estragon: "Go ahead . . . give back the ball wouldn't you be able to, once as it were?" Vladimir's protest is expressive of a significant part of the exchange in the rest of the play; it is especially similar to two individuals playing an amusement with each other and one can't keep the ball in play.

In the play props like cap and boot likewise symbolizes something in the play. While in first we see Hat and Boots use as props in the play. Both props are means for their time pass. They changing cap sitting back. In any case, in more profound undertone Boots is an image of lower request of intuition or related with body just and Hat it symbolize higher thinking and mind that Vladimir is doing.

Devaluation of The Language:

The absurd dramatist felt that traditional dialect had fizzled man and it was insufficient method for correspondence. The futility of dialect was utilized by the characters constantly; they talk in platitudes, abused, tired expressions. They utilize dialect to feel the vacancy between them, to disguise the way that they don't have anything to discuss to each other.

Cyclical Structure:

· Actually, everything is organized by this retribution intention. Be that as it may, in Waiting for Godot, where there is no inspired activity, the feeling of nothingness assume the significant part in deciding the each part of the play. Absurd play has a redundant recurrent arrangement.

· Similar setting Debris

· Timingday

· to moon rise

· Actionshat

· Swapping scene

· Similar Acts structure

· Same acts ending

Theatre of Absurd : The Birthday Party

· Broad comedy

· Menacing and tragic effect

· Shifting Identies

· Ambiguity and Mystery

· Hopelessness and Fragmentation characters

To shake audiences from their more conventional viewing habits, the playwrights of the Absurdist Theater used traditional settings to ease the audience into their plays, and then shocked them with surreal imagery, uncommon circumstances, or fragmented language. Language within the Absurdist Theater often transcended its base meaning. As in The Birthday Party, nothing is as it seems and no one speaks the whole truth. Also, the use of silence as language was often utilized in these plays.

The writer of the Birthday Party , Harold Pinter explained this absurdist concept best in his 1962 speech “Writing for the Theater,” which was presented at the National Student Drama Festival in Bristol. He said, “I suggest there can be no hard distinctions between what is real and what is unreal, nor between what is true and what is false.” The thin line between truth and lies is perhaps the defining characteristic of the Theater of the Absurd.

Broad Comedy

Mainly it is found in the characters of Meg, Stanley and Lulu.

“Meg: Stan! I'm coming up to fetch you if you don't come down! I'm coming up! I'm going to count three! One! Two! Three! I'm coming to get you! (She exits and goes upstairs. In a moment, shouts from STANLEY, wild laughter from MEG)”

“Meg: What are the cornflakes like, Stanley?

Stanley: Horrible.”

Menacing and tragic effect

· Frightening effect we find very much as it is “Comedy of Menace” also.
· In movie background sounds play vital role for it.
· In movie we have many dialogues and scenes such as Blindmen’s Buff scene( Menace) and Interrogation scene (tragic element).
· Very much use of screaming and shouting in the play.

Hopelessness and fragmentation in characters

· In almost every character we find a kind of disappointment and complain from life.
· Meg keeps on running meaningless conversations like “how is cornflakes ?” or “didn’t you enjoy your breakfast ?”etc. It is perhaps to fill the emptiness within her.
And Petey’s indifferent silence.
Lulu’s frustration comes out when the dialogue between her and Goldberg occurs.

Ambiguity and Mystery

Stanley’s past is so Mysterious
Goldberg and McCann way of asking questions to Stanley
Kafka’s work intensifies the dreadful angst experienced by the protagonist

Conclusion :

To wind up this topic, Absurd theater is a new literary term which introduced by Martin Esslin. According to some critics, the idea of Absurd theater is anti-theater literary subject because its totally breach the traditional way of representing work with theater. But still it has its own success and charm and “waiting for Godot” and “ The Birthday Party” are examples of it.

Work cited:

https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v3i11/MDcxMTE0MDM%3D.pdf

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B07bsmb1gS38OGZveFRXLXh5Rkk/edit

http://www.gradesaver.com/thebirthdayparty/studyguide/theateroftheabsurdanintroduction

Saturday, 19 November 2016

Paper no 9 : The Modern Literature.

Topic : Symbolism in The Waste Land.

To evaluate my presentation, Click here.Paper no 10 : The American Literature.

Topic : Mourning Becomes Electra as a Greek tragedy.

To evaluate my presentation, Click here.Paper no 11 : The Postcolonial Literature.

Topic : A Tempest as a post-colonial play.

To evaluate my presentation, Click here.Paper no 12 : ELT

Topic : English in India from a socio-cultural dimension.To evaluate my presentation, Click here.

Wednesday, 16 November 2016

To evaluate my presentation, Click here.

Paper no 10 : The American Literature.

To evaluate my presentation, Click here.

Paper no 11 : The Postcolonial Literature.

To evaluate my presentation, Click here.

Paper no 12 : ELT

Topic : English in India from a socio-cultural dimension

.To evaluate my presentation, Click here.