Assignment topic: Five
types of cultural studies
Name: Ravi Rajyaguru
Roll
no.28
M.A.
Semester: 2
Enrolment
No.: PG15101032
Year:
2015- 17
Paper
no.:8
Submitted
to: Department of English
Maharaja
Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University
v Introduction
Before
we go to the point that what is Cultural Studies? We have to understand what is
Culture? In dictionary cultural means the art, customs, lifestyles, background
and habits that characterize a particular society or nation. We have different
culture like western culture, eastern, Latin, Middle Eastern and African
culture etc. Now, let’s first see what culture is.
Ø What
is culture?
ü Culture is the word
that we have got from Latin word ‘cultura ’.
ü ‘To honour’ and ‘
protect ’.
ü Culture is a
representative of communication.
ü Culture is the
structure of knowledge shared by a quite large group of people.
ü “Culture is the learned
activities of society or a subgroup.”
Ø What
is Cultural Study?
Cultural
studies is the art of understanding contemporary society, with an importance on
politics and power cultural studies is an umbrella term used to look at a
number of different subject. Categories studied include media studies including
film and Journalism, sociology, industrial culture, globalization and social
theory.
Culture
is made by different types of group of
people, defined by everything from language, religion, food, social lifestyle,
music and arts. Today, In the United States as in other countries populated
largely by immigrants, the culture is made by the many groups of people who are
leading the country. And there are some types of culture like,
v Five types of cultural
studies:
There are five types of
cultural studies. Now let’s check it out that how these five types of cultural
studies differs from the other one. These Studies are:
ü British
cultural materialism
ü New
Historicism
ü American
Multiculturalism
ü Post
modernism and popular culture
ü Postcolonial
studies
Ø British cultural
Materialism
Cultural studies are
referred to as cultural materialism in Britain. Matthew Arnold redefined the
‘givens’ of British culture. “There are no masses; There are only ways
of seeing other people as masses”
Williams
Edward Burnett Tylor’s
pioneering anthological study ‘primitive culture
“ Culture or
civilization, taken in its widest ethnographic sense, is a complex whole which
include knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, and any other capabilities and
habits by man as a member of society”
Ø Britain has two
trajectories for culture
1—First leads to past
culture preserver
2—Second leads to
future Althussar insisted that ideology was ultimately in control of the people
that the main function of ideology was to produce the society’s existing
relations of production and that function is even carried out in literary
texts.
Cultural
materialists also revolved around more humanized and even spiritual insights of
the great students of Rabelais and Dostoevsky, Russian formalist Bakhtn,
especially his extension of the dialog form.
Ø New Historicism: ‐
New
historicism is a school of literary theory, first developed in 1980. the term
‘new historicism’ was created by the American critic Stephen Greenbelts. A new historicism looks at literature in
wider historical context,
examining both how the writer ‘s times affected the work and how the work reflects
the writer’s times, in turn recognizing that current cultural contexts colour
that critic’s conclusion.
“The
text is historical, and history textual”
Michael
Warner phrases “History is always
historicized”
Much
new historicism focuses on the marginalization of subjects such as those
identified as withes, the insane, heretics, vagabonds, and political prisoners.
Laputa ''the where ''what did Jonathan swift mean when he gave that name to the
flying island in the third voyage of Gulliver’s Travels? It is a question that
has political reality of the British Empire upon which the sun never set an
ideology left over from the previous century. New historicism has made its
biggest mark on literary studies of the Renaissances and Romantic periods and
has revised motions of literature as privileged, apolitical writing.
Ø American
Multiculturalism
As
a philosophy, multiculturalism began as part of the pragmatism movement at the
end of the 19th century in Europe and United States. American multiculturalism
was come into existence in 1964 with the passing civil right Act.
“Every
American should understand Mexico from the point of view of the observer of the
conquest and of the history before the conquest……….”
In
1972 Harvard University study by the geneticist Richard Lewontin found that
most genetic differences were within racial groups, not between them. In the
new country, if interracial trends continue, Americans will be puzzled by race
distinctions from the past since children of multiracial backgrounds may be the
norm rather than the exception.
As we discuss above
that American Multiculturalism have its different four types like,
American
identity is vested in a commitment to core values expressed in the American
Creed and the ideals of Exceptionalism raises a fundamental concern that has
been the source of considerable debate. Can American identity be meaningfully
established by a commitment to core values and ideals among a population, The
American Studies curriculum serves to illustrate this shift in attitude. The
curriculum, which had for decades relied upon the “melting pot” metaphor as an
organizing framework, began to employ the alternative notion of the “American
mosaic.” Multiculturalism, in the context of the “American mosaic,” celebrates
the unique cultural heritage of racial and ethnic groups, some of whom seek to
preserve their native language and lifestyle.
Ø Postmodernism and
popular culture
Postmodernism
The term ‘postmodernism’ first
entered the philosophical lexicon in 1979, with the publication of The
Postmodern Condition by Jean-Francois Lyotard. Postmodernism question
everything rationalist European philosophy held to be true. Postmodernism
possesses several element which are necessary which given by Jean Baudrillard.
It also affected in
o Building
o Literature
o Cinema
o Painting
o Music
o Photography
etc
Postmodernism
like poststructuralist and deconstruction is a critique of aesthetic of the preceding
age, but besides more critique post modernism celebrates the very act of
dismembering tradition.
Postmodernism
is not a method of doing philosophy, but rather a way of approaching
traditional ideas and practices in non‐traditional
ways that deviate from re-established super structural modes. This has caused
difficulties in defining what postmodernism actually means or should mean and
therefore remains a complex and controversial concept, which continues to be
debated. The idea of the postmodern gained momentum through to the 1950s before
dominating literature, art and the intellectual scene of the
1960s.Postmodernism's origins are generally accepted as having been conceived
in art around the end of the nineteenth century.
Popular
culture
There are four main
types of popular culture analysis.
·
Production analysis.
·
Textual analysis.
·
Audience analysis.
·
Historical analysis.
Popular
culture is the media, products, and attitudes considered to be part of the
mainstream of a given culture and the everyday life of common people. Studying
media culture is not only to focus on the ‘cultural aspects’ of any media but
also paying attention to the economics of media.
This
term as it is also known as Pop Culture so The term ‘Popular Culture' was
coined in the 19th century or earlier. Traditionally, the term has denoted the
education and general “culturedness” of the lower classes, as opposed to the
“official culture” and higher education emanated by the dominant class. The
stress in the distinction from “official culture” became more pronounced
towards the end of the 19th century
Ø Postcolonial Studies
So far as my reading concerned
about this study of postcolonial we can say that it is against colonialism
because colonialism came into existence at the beginning of the century but
slowly and steadily some people started to oppose against it so
Anti-colonialism came into Enlightment so post-colonialism came into
utilization oppose the colonialism though it came into later on but we can find
the post-colonial study in the play.
Third world of writers
:-
·
Frantz Fanon.
·
Homi k. Bhabha’s.
·
Salman Rushdie.
·
Gaytri Chakravorty
Spivak
Post
colonialism came into utilization to oppose the Colonialism though it came into
later on but we can find the postcolonial study in the play A Tempest which is written by Aime Ceaser which also deals with the
Postcolonial study because in this kind of study an Individual can find the
conflict between colonizer and the colonized people as it is found in many of
work of literature and the best example is A tempest which also highlights the
same thing in the play. Many third words write focus on both colonialism and
the change created a postcolonial culture.
Ø Conclusion
So,
cultural studies we can find five types of cultural studies. Which were helps
to recognize the different cultures with the different communities and
histories. Cultural Studies exists with particular ideas which shows particular
cultural world. Sometimes popular culture can so overtake and repackage a
literary work.
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